path: root/archinstall/lib/installer.py

import time
import logging
import os
import shutil
import shlex
import pathlib
import subprocess
import glob
from types import ModuleType
from typing import Union, Dict, Any, List, Optional, Iterator, Mapping
from .disk import get_partitions_in_use, Partition
from .general import SysCommand, generate_password
from .hardware import has_uefi, is_vm, cpu_vendor
from .locale_helpers import verify_keyboard_layout, verify_x11_keyboard_layout
from .disk.helpers import get_mount_info, split_bind_name
from .mirrors import use_mirrors
from .plugins import plugins
from .storage import storage
# from .user_interaction import *
from .output import log
from .profiles import Profile
from .disk.btrfs import manage_btrfs_subvolumes
from .disk.partition import get_mount_fs_type
from .exceptions import DiskError, ServiceException, RequirementError, HardwareIncompatibilityError

# Any package that the Installer() is responsible for (optional and the default ones)
__packages__ = ["base", "base-devel", "linux-firmware", "linux", "linux-lts", "linux-zen", "linux-hardened"]

# Additional packages that are installed if the user is running the Live ISO with accessibility tools enabled
__accessibility_packages__ = ["brltty", "espeakup", "alsa-utils"]


class InstallationFile:
	def __init__(self, installation :'Installer', filename :str, owner :str, mode :str = "w"):
		self.installation = installation
		self.filename = filename
		self.owner = owner
		self.mode = mode
		self.fh = None

	def __enter__(self) -> 'InstallationFile':
		self.fh = open(self.filename, self.mode)
		return self

	def __exit__(self, *args :str) -> None:
		self.fh.close()
		self.installation.chown(self.owner, self.filename)

	def write(self, data: Union[str, bytes]) -> int:
		return self.fh.write(data)

	def read(self, *args) -> Union[str, bytes]:
		return self.fh.read(*args)

# 	def poll(self, *args) -> bool:
# 		return self.fh.poll(*args)


def accessibility_tools_in_use() -> bool:
	return os.system('systemctl is-active --quiet espeakup.service') == 0


class Installer:
	"""
	`Installer()` is the wrapper for most basic installation steps.
	It also wraps :py:func:`~archinstall.Installer.pacstrap` among other things.

	:param partition: Requires a partition as the first argument, this is
		so that the installer can mount to `mountpoint` and strap packages there.
	:type partition: class:`archinstall.Partition`

	:param boot_partition: There's two reasons for needing a boot partition argument,
		The first being so that `mkinitcpio` can place the `vmlinuz` kernel at the right place
		during the `pacstrap` or `linux` and the base packages for a minimal installation.
		The second being when :py:func:`~archinstall.Installer.add_bootloader` is called,
		A `boot_partition` must be known to the installer before this is called.
	:type boot_partition: class:`archinstall.Partition`

	:param profile: A profile to install, this is optional and can be called later manually.
		This just simplifies the process by not having to call :py:func:`~archinstall.Installer.install_profile` later on.
	:type profile: str, optional

	:param hostname: The given /etc/hostname for the machine.
	:type hostname: str, optional

	"""

	def __init__(self, target :str, *, base_packages :Optional[List[str]] = None, kernels :Optional[List[str]] = None):
		if base_packages is None:
			base_packages = __packages__[:3]
		if kernels is None:
			kernels = ['linux']

		self.kernels = kernels
		self.target = target
		self.init_time = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S')
		self.milliseconds = int(str(time.time()).split('.')[1])

		self.helper_flags = {
			'base': False,
			'bootloader': False
		}

		self.base_packages = base_packages.split(' ') if type(base_packages) is str else base_packages
		for kernel in kernels:
			self.base_packages.append(kernel)

		# If using accessibility tools in the live environment, append those to the packages list
		if accessibility_tools_in_use():
			self.base_packages.extend(__accessibility_packages__)

		self.post_base_install = []

		# TODO: Figure out which one of these two we'll use.. But currently we're mixing them..
		storage['session'] = self
		storage['installation_session'] = self

		self.MODULES = []
		self.BINARIES = []
		self.FILES = []
		self.HOOKS = ["base", "udev", "autodetect", "keyboard", "keymap", "modconf", "block", "filesystems", "fsck"]
		self.KERNEL_PARAMS = []

	def log(self, *args :str, level :int = logging.DEBUG, **kwargs :str):
		"""
		installer.log() wraps output.log() mainly to set a default log-level for this install session.
		Any manual override can be done per log() call.
		"""
		log(*args, level=level, **kwargs)

	def __enter__(self, *args :str, **kwargs :str) -> 'Installer':
		return self

	def __exit__(self, *args :str, **kwargs :str) -> None:
		# TODO: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28157929/how-to-safely-handle-an-exception-inside-a-context-manager

		if len(args) >= 2 and args[1]:
			self.log(args[1], level=logging.ERROR, fg='red')

			self.sync_log_to_install_medium()

			# We avoid printing /mnt/<log path> because that might confuse people if they note it down
			# and then reboot, and a identical log file will be found in the ISO medium anyway.
			print(f"[!] A log file has been created here: {os.path.join(storage['LOG_PATH'], storage['LOG_FILE'])}")
			print("    Please submit this issue (and file) to https://github.com/archlinux/archinstall/issues")
			raise args[1]

		self.genfstab()

		if not (missing_steps := self.post_install_check()):
			self.log('Installation completed without any errors. You may now reboot.', fg='green', level=logging.INFO)
			self.sync_log_to_install_medium()

			return True
		else:
			self.log('Some required steps were not successfully installed/configured before leaving the installer:', fg='red', level=logging.WARNING)
			for step in missing_steps:
				self.log(f' - {step}', fg='red', level=logging.WARNING)

			self.log(f"Detailed error logs can be found at: {storage['LOG_PATH']}", level=logging.WARNING)
			self.log("Submit this zip file as an issue to https://github.com/archlinux/archinstall/issues", level=logging.WARNING)

			self.sync_log_to_install_medium()
			return False

	@property
	def partitions(self) -> List[Partition]:
		return get_partitions_in_use(self.target)

	def sync_log_to_install_medium(self) -> bool:
		# Copy over the install log (if there is one) to the install medium if
		# at least the base has been strapped in, otherwise we won't have a filesystem/structure to copy to.
		if self.helper_flags.get('base-strapped', False) is True:
			if filename := storage.get('LOG_FILE', None):
				absolute_logfile = os.path.join(storage.get('LOG_PATH', './'), filename)

				if not os.path.isdir(f"{self.target}/{os.path.dirname(absolute_logfile)}"):
					os.makedirs(f"{self.target}/{os.path.dirname(absolute_logfile)}")

				shutil.copy2(absolute_logfile, f"{self.target}/{absolute_logfile}")

		return True

	def _create_keyfile(self,luks_handle , partition :dict, password :str):
		""" roiutine to create keyfiles, so it can be moved elsewere
		"""
		if partition.get('generate-encryption-key-file'):
			if not (cryptkey_dir := pathlib.Path(f"{self.target}/etc/cryptsetup-keys.d")).exists():
				cryptkey_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
			# Once we store the key as ../xyzloop.key systemd-cryptsetup can automatically load this key
			# if we name the device to "xyzloop".
			if partition.get('mountpoint',None):
				encryption_key_path = f"/etc/cryptsetup-keys.d/{pathlib.Path(partition['mountpoint']).name}loop.key"
			else:
				encryption_key_path = f"/etc/cryptsetup-keys.d/{pathlib.Path(partition['device_instance'].path).name}.key"
			with open(f"{self.target}{encryption_key_path}", "w") as keyfile:
				keyfile.write(generate_password(length=512))

			os.chmod(f"{self.target}{encryption_key_path}", 0o400)

			luks_handle.add_key(pathlib.Path(f"{self.target}{encryption_key_path}"), password=password)
			luks_handle.crypttab(self, encryption_key_path, options=["luks", "key-slot=1"])

	def _has_root(self, partition :dict) -> bool:
		"""
		Determine if an encrypted partition contains root in it
		"""
		if partition.get("mountpoint") is None:
			if (sub_list := partition.get("btrfs",{}).get('subvolumes',{})):
				for mountpoint in [sub_list[subvolume] if isinstance(sub_list[subvolume],str) else sub_list[subvolume].get("mountpoint") for subvolume in sub_list]:
					if mountpoint == '/':
						return True
				return False
			else:
				return False
		elif partition.get("mountpoint") == '/':
			return True
		else:
			return False

	def mount_ordered_layout(self, layouts: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
		from .luks import luks2
		# set the partitions as a list not part of a tree (which we don't need anymore (i think)
		list_part = []
		list_luks_handles = []
		for blockdevice in layouts:
			list_part.extend(layouts[blockdevice]['partitions'])

		# we manage the encrypted partititons
		for partition in [entry for entry in list_part if entry.get('encrypted',False)]:
			# open the luks device and all associate stuff
			if not (password := partition.get('!password', None)):
				raise RequirementError(f"Missing partition {partition['device_instance'].path} encryption password in layout: {partition}")
			# i change a bit the naming conventions for the loop device
				loopdev = f"{storage.get('ENC_IDENTIFIER', 'ai')}{pathlib.Path(partition['mountpoint']).name}loop"
			else:
				loopdev = f"{storage.get('ENC_IDENTIFIER', 'ai')}{pathlib.Path(partition['device_instance'].path).name}"
			# note that we DON'T auto_unmount (i.e. close the encrypted device so it can be used
			with (luks_handle := luks2(partition['device_instance'], loopdev, password, auto_unmount=False)) as unlocked_device:
				if partition.get('generate-encryption-key-file',False) and not self._has_root(partition):
					list_luks_handles.append([luks_handle,partition,password])
				# this way all the requesrs will be to the dm_crypt device and not to the physical partition
				partition['device_instance'] = unlocked_device

		# we manage the btrfs partitions
		for partition in [entry for entry in list_part if entry.get('btrfs', {}).get('subvolumes', {})]:
			self.mount(partition['device_instance'],"/")
			try:
				new_mountpoints = manage_btrfs_subvolumes(self,partition)
			except Exception as e:
				# every exception unmounts the physical volume. Otherwise we let the system in an unstable state
				partition['device_instance'].unmount()
				raise e
			partition['device_instance'].unmount()
			if new_mountpoints:
				list_part.extend(new_mountpoints)

		# we mount. We need to sort by mountpoint to get a good working order
		for partition in sorted([entry for entry in list_part if entry.get('mountpoint',False)],key=lambda part: part['mountpoint']):
			mountpoint = partition['mountpoint']
			log(f"Mounting {mountpoint} to {self.target}{mountpoint} using {partition['device_instance']}", level=logging.INFO)
			if partition.get('filesystem',{}).get('mount_options',[]):
				mount_options = ','.join(partition['filesystem']['mount_options'])
				partition['device_instance'].mount(f"{self.target}{mountpoint}",options=mount_options)
			else:
				partition['device_instance'].mount(f"{self.target}{mountpoint}")
			time.sleep(1)
			try:
				get_mount_info(f"{self.target}{mountpoint}", traverse=False)
			except DiskError:
				raise DiskError(f"Target {self.target}{mountpoint} never got mounted properly (unable to get mount information using findmnt).")

		# once everything is mounted, we generate the key files in the correct place
		for handle in list_luks_handles:
			ppath = handle[1]['device_instance'].path
			log(f"creating key-file for {ppath}",level=logging.INFO)
			self._create_keyfile(handle[0],handle[1],handle[2])

	def mount(self, partition :Partition, mountpoint :str, create_mountpoint :bool = True) -> None:
		if create_mountpoint and not os.path.isdir(f'{self.target}{mountpoint}'):
			os.makedirs(f'{self.target}{mountpoint}')

		partition.mount(f'{self.target}{mountpoint}')

	def post_install_check(self, *args :str, **kwargs :str) -> List[bool]:
		return [step for step, flag in self.helper_flags.items() if flag is False]

	def pacstrap(self, *packages :str, **kwargs :str) -> bool:
		if type(packages[0]) in (list, tuple):
			packages = packages[0]

		for plugin in plugins.values():
			if hasattr(plugin, 'on_pacstrap'):
				if (result := plugin.on_pacstrap(packages)):
					packages = result

		self.log(f'Installing packages: {packages}', level=logging.INFO)

		if (sync_mirrors := SysCommand('/usr/bin/pacman -Syy')).exit_code == 0:
			if (pacstrap := SysCommand(f'/usr/bin/pacstrap {self.target} {" ".join(packages)} --noconfirm', peak_output=True)).exit_code == 0:
				return True
			else:
				self.log(f'Could not strap in packages: {pacstrap}', level=logging.ERROR, fg="red")
				self.log(f'Could not strap in packages: {pacstrap.exit_code}', level=logging.ERROR, fg="red")
				raise RequirementError("Pacstrap failed. See /var/log/archinstall/install.log or above message for error details.")
		else:
			self.log(f'Could not sync mirrors: {sync_mirrors.exit_code}', level=logging.INFO)

	def set_mirrors(self, mirrors :Mapping[str, Iterator[str]]) -> None:
		for plugin in plugins.values():
			if hasattr(plugin, 'on_mirrors'):
				if result := plugin.on_mirrors(mirrors):
					mirrors = result

		return use_mirrors(mirrors, destination=f'{self.target}/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist')

	def genfstab(self, flags :str = '-pU') -> bool:
		self.log(f"Updating {self.target}/etc/fstab", level=logging.INFO)

		with open(f"{self.target}/etc/fstab", 'a') as fstab_fh:
			fstab_fh.write((fstab := SysCommand(f'/usr/bin/genfstab {flags} {self.target}')).decode())

		if not os.path.isfile(f'{self.target}/etc/fstab'):
			raise RequirementError(f'Could not generate fstab, strapping in packages most likely failed (disk out of space?)\n{fstab}')

		for plugin in plugins.values():
			if hasattr(plugin, 'on_genfstab'):
				plugin.on_genfstab(self)

		return True

	def set_hostname(self, hostname: str, *args :str, **kwargs :str) -> None:
		with open(f'{self.target}/etc/hostname', 'w') as fh:
			fh.write(hostname + '\n')

	def set_locale(self, locale :str, encoding :str = 'UTF-8', *args :str, **kwargs :str) -> bool:
		if not len(locale):
			return True

		with open(f'{self.target}/etc/locale.gen', 'a') as fh:
			fh.write(f'{locale}.{encoding} {encoding}\n')
		with open(f'{self.target}/etc/locale.conf', 'w') as fh:
			fh.write(f'LANG={locale}.{encoding}\n')

		return True if SysCommand(f'/usr/bin/arch-chroot {self.target} locale-gen').exit_code == 0 else False

	def set_timezone(self, zone :str, *args :str, **kwargs :str) -> bool:
		if not zone:
			return True
		if not len(zone):
			return True  # Redundant

		for plugin in plugins.values():
			if hasattr(plugin, 'on_timezone'):
				if result := plugin.on_timezone(zone):
					zone = result

		if (pathlib.Path("/usr") / "share" / "zoneinfo" / zone).exists():
			(pathlib.Path(self.target) / "etc" / "localtime").unlink(missing_ok=True)
			SysCommand(f'/usr/bin/arch-chroot {self.target} ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/{zone} /etc/localtime')
			return True

		else:
			self.log(
				f"Time zone {zone} does not exist, continuing with system default.",
				level=logging.WARNING,
				fg='red'
			)

		return False

	def activate_ntp(self) -> None:
		log(f"activate_ntp() is deprecated, use activate_time_syncronization()", fg="yellow", level=logging.INFO)
		self.activate_time_syncronization()

	def activate_time_syncronization(self) -> None:
		self.log('Activating systemd-timesyncd for time synchronization using Arch Linux and ntp.org NTP servers.', level=logging.INFO)
		self.enable_service('systemd-timesyncd')

		with open(f"{self.target}/etc/systemd/timesyncd.conf", "w") as fh:
			fh.write("[Time]\n")
			fh.write("NTP=0.arch.pool.ntp.org 1.arch.pool.ntp.org 2.arch.pool.ntp.org 3.arch.pool.ntp.org\n")
			fh.write("FallbackNTP=0.pool.ntp.org 1.pool.ntp.org 0.fr.pool.ntp.org\n")

		from .systemd import Boot
		with Boot(self) as session:
			session.SysCommand(["timedatectl", "set-ntp", 'true'])

	def enable_espeakup(self) -> None:
		self.log('Enabling espeakup.service for speech synthesis (accessibility).', level=logging.INFO)
		self.enable_service('espeakup')

	def enable_service(self, *services :str) -> None:
		for service in services:
			self.log(f'Enabling service {service}', level=logging.INFO)
			if (output := self.arch_chroot(f'systemctl enable {service}')).exit_code != 0:
				raise ServiceException(f"Unable to start service {service}: {output}")

			for plugin in plugins.values():
				if hasattr(plugin, 'on_service'):
					plugin.on_service(service)

	def run_command(self, cmd :str, *args :str, **kwargs :str) -> None:
		return SysCommand(f'/usr/bin/arch-chroot {self.target} {cmd}')

	def arch_chroot(self, cmd :str, run_as :Optional[str] = None):
		if run_as:
			cmd = f"su - {run_as} -c {shlex.quote(cmd)}"

		return self.run_command(cmd)

	def drop_to_shell(self) -> None:
		subprocess.check_call(f"/usr/bin/arch-chroot {self.target}", shell=True)

	def configure_nic(self,
		nic :str,
		dhcp :bool = True,
		ip :Optional[str] = None,
		gateway :Optional[str] = None,
		dns :Optional[str] = None,
		*args :str,
		**kwargs :str
	) -> None:
		from .systemd import Networkd

		if dhcp:
			conf = Networkd(Match={"Name": nic}, Network={"DHCP": "yes"})
		else:
			assert ip

			network = {"Address": ip}
			if gateway:
				network["Gateway"] = gateway
			if dns:
				assert type(dns) == list
				network["DNS"] = dns

			conf = Networkd(Match={"Name": nic}, Network=network)

		for plugin in plugins.values():
			if hasattr(plugin, 'on_configure_nic'):
				if (new_conf := plugin.on_configure_nic(nic, dhcp, ip, gateway, dns)):
					conf = new_conf

		with open(f"{self.target}/etc/systemd/network/10-{nic}.network", "a") as netconf:
			netconf.write(str(conf))

	def copy_iso_network_config(self, enable_services :bool = False) -> bool:
		# Copy (if any) iwd password and config files
		if os.path.isdir('/var/lib/iwd/'):
			if psk_files := glob.glob('/var/lib/iwd/*.psk'):
				if not os.path.isdir(f"{self.target}/var/lib/iwd"):
					os.makedirs(f"{self.target}/var/lib/iwd")

				if enable_services:
					# If we haven't installed the base yet (function called pre-maturely)
					if self.helper_flags.get('base', False) is False:
						self.base_packages.append('iwd')

						# This function will be called after minimal_installation()
						# as a hook for post-installs. This hook is only needed if
						# base is not installed yet.
						def post_install_enable_iwd_service(*args :str, **kwargs :str):
							self.enable_service('iwd')

						self.post_base_install.append(post_install_enable_iwd_service)
					# Otherwise, we can go ahead and add the required package
					# and enable it's service:
					else:
						self.pacstrap('iwd')
						self.enable_service('iwd')

				for psk in psk_files:
					shutil.copy2(psk, f"{self.target}/var/lib/iwd/{os.path.basename(psk)}")

		# Copy (if any) systemd-networkd config files
		if netconfigurations := glob.glob('/etc/systemd/network/*'):
			if not os.path.isdir(f"{self.target}/etc/systemd/network/"):
				os.makedirs(f"{self.target}/etc/systemd/network/")

			for netconf_file in netconfigurations:
				shutil.copy2(netconf_file, f"{self.target}/etc/systemd/network/{os.path.basename(netconf_file)}")

			if enable_services:
				# If we haven't installed the base yet (function called pre-maturely)
				if self.helper_flags.get('base', False) is False:

					def post_install_enable_networkd_resolved(*args :str, **kwargs :str):
						self.enable_service('systemd-networkd', 'systemd-resolved')

					self.post_base_install.append(post_install_enable_networkd_resolved)
				# Otherwise, we can go ahead and enable the services
				else:
					self.enable_service('systemd-networkd', 'systemd-resolved')

		return True

	def detect_encryption(self, partition :Partition) -> bool:
		part = Partition(partition.parent, None, autodetect_filesystem=True)
		if partition.encrypted:
			return partition
		elif partition.parent not in partition.path and part.filesystem == 'crypto_LUKS':
			return part

		return False

	def mkinitcpio(self, *flags :str) -> bool:
		for plugin in plugins.values():
			if hasattr(plugin, 'on_mkinitcpio'):
				# Allow plugins to override the usage of mkinitcpio altogether.
				if plugin.on_mkinitcpio(self):
					return True

		with open(f'{self.target}/etc/mkinitcpio.conf', 'w') as mkinit:
			mkinit.write(f"MODULES=({' '.join(self.MODULES)})\n")
			mkinit.write(f"BINARIES=({' '.join(self.BINARIES)})\n")
			mkinit.write(f"FILES=({' '.join(self.FILES)})\n")
			mkinit.write(f"HOOKS=({' '.join(self.HOOKS)})\n")

		return SysCommand(f'/usr/bin/arch-chroot {self.target} mkinitcpio {" ".join(flags)}').exit_code == 0

	def minimal_installation(self) -> bool:
		# Add necessary packages if encrypting the drive
		# (encrypted partitions default to btrfs for now, so we need btrfs-progs)
		# TODO: Perhaps this should be living in the function which dictates
		#       the partitioning. Leaving here for now.

		for partition in self.partitions:
			if partition.filesystem == 'btrfs':
				# if partition.encrypted:
				if 'btrfs-progs' not in self.base_packages:
					self.base_packages.append('btrfs-progs')
			if partition.filesystem == 'xfs':
				if 'xfs' not in self.base_packages:
					self.base_packages.append('xfsprogs')
			if partition.filesystem == 'f2fs':
				if 'f2fs' not in self.base_packages:
					self.base_packages.append('f2fs-tools')

			# Configure mkinitcpio to handle some specific use cases.
			if partition.filesystem == 'btrfs':
				if 'btrfs' not in self.MODULES:
					self.MODULES.append('btrfs')
				if '/usr/bin/btrfs' not in self.BINARIES:
					self.BINARIES.append('/usr/bin/btrfs')
			# There is not yet an fsck tool for NTFS. If it's being used for the root filesystem, the hook should be removed.
			if partition.filesystem == 'ntfs3' and partition.mountpoint == self.target:
				if 'fsck' in self.HOOKS:
					self.HOOKS.remove('fsck')

			if self.detect_encryption(partition):
				if 'encrypt' not in self.HOOKS:
					self.HOOKS.insert(self.HOOKS.index('filesystems'), 'encrypt')

		if not has_uefi():
			self.base_packages.append('grub')

		if not is_vm():
			vendor = cpu_vendor()
			if vendor == "AuthenticAMD":
				self.base_packages.append("amd-ucode")
				if (ucode := pathlib.Path(f"{self.target}/boot/amd-ucode.img")).exists():
					ucode.unlink()
			elif vendor == "GenuineIntel":
				self.base_packages.append("intel-ucode")
				if (ucode := pathlib.Path(f"{self.target}/boot/intel-ucode.img")).exists():
					ucode.unlink()
			else:
				self.log(f"Unknown CPU vendor '{vendor}' detected. Archinstall won't install any ucode.", level=logging.DEBUG)

		self.pacstrap(self.base_packages)
		self.helper_flags['base-strapped'] = True

		# TODO: Support locale and timezone
		# os.remove(f'{self.target}/etc/localtime')
		# sys_command(f'/usr/bin/arch-chroot {self.target} ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/{localtime} /etc/localtime')
		# sys_command('/usr/bin/arch-chroot /mnt hwclock --hctosys --localtime')
		self.set_hostname('archinstall')
		self.set_locale('en_US')

		# TODO: Use python functions for this
		SysCommand(f'/usr/bin/arch-chroot {self.target} chmod 700 /root')

		self.mkinitcpio('-P')

		self.helper_flags['base'] = True

		# Run registered post-install hooks
		for function in self.post_base_install:
			self.log(f"Running post-installation hook: {function}", level=logging.INFO)
			function(self)

		for plugin in plugins.values():
			if hasattr(plugin, 'on_install'):
				plugin.on_install(self)

		return True

	def setup_swap(self, kind :str = 'zram') -> bool:
		if kind == 'zram':
			self.log(f"Setting up swap on zram")
			self.pacstrap('zram-generator')

			# We could use the default example below, but maybe not the best idea: https://github.com/archlinux/archinstall/pull/678#issuecomment-962124813
			# zram_example_location = '/usr/share/doc/zram-generator/zram-generator.conf.example'
			# shutil.copy2(f"{self.target}{zram_example_location}", f"{self.target}/usr/lib/systemd/zram-generator.conf")
			with open(f"{self.target}/etc/systemd/zram-generator.conf", "w") as zram_conf:
				zram_conf.write("[zram0]\n")

			if self.enable_service('systemd-zram-setup@zram0.service'):
				return True
		else:
			raise ValueError(f"Archinstall currently only supports setting up swap on zram")

	def add_bootloader(self, bootloader :str = 'systemd-bootctl') -> bool:
		"""
		Adds a bootloader to the installation instance.
		Archinstall supports one of three types:
		* systemd-bootctl
		* grub
		* efistub (beta)

		:param bootloader: Can be one of the three strings
			'systemd-bootctl', 'grub' or 'efistub' (beta)
		"""

		for plugin in plugins.values():
			if hasattr(plugin, 'on_add_bootloader'):
				# Allow plugins to override the boot-loader handling.
				# This allows for bot configuring and installing bootloaders.
				if plugin.on_add_bootloader(self):
					return True

		boot_partition = None
		root_partition = None
		root_partition_fs = None
		for partition in self.partitions:
			if partition.mountpoint == self.target + '/boot':
				boot_partition = partition
			elif partition.mountpoint == self.target:
				root_partition = partition
				root_partition_fs = partition.filesystem
				root_fs_type = get_mount_fs_type(root_partition_fs)

		if boot_partition is None or root_partition is None:
			raise ValueError(f"Could not detect root (/) or boot (/boot) in {self.target} based on: {self.partitions}")

		self.log(f'Adding bootloader {bootloader} to {boot_partition if boot_partition else root_partition}', level=logging.INFO)

		if bootloader == 'systemd-bootctl':
			self.pacstrap('efibootmgr')

			if not has_uefi():
				raise HardwareIncompatibilityError
			# TODO: Ideally we would want to check if another config
			# points towards the same disk and/or partition.
			# And in which case we should do some clean up.

			# Install the boot loader
			if SysCommand(f'/usr/bin/arch-chroot {self.target} bootctl --path=/boot install').exit_code != 0:
				# Fallback, try creating the boot loader without touching the EFI variables
				SysCommand(f'/usr/bin/arch-chroot {self.target} bootctl --no-variables --path=/boot install')

			# Ensure that the /boot/loader directory exists before we try to create files in it
			if not os.path.exists(f'{self.target}/boot/loader'):
				os.makedirs(f'{self.target}/boot/loader')

			# Modify or create a loader.conf
			if os.path.isfile(f'{self.target}/boot/loader/loader.conf'):
				with open(f'{self.target}/boot/loader/loader.conf', 'r') as loader:
					loader_data = loader.read().split('\n')
			else:
				loader_data = [
					f"default {self.init_time}",
					"timeout 5"
				]

			with open(f'{self.target}/boot/loader/loader.conf', 'w') as loader:
				for line in loader_data:
					if line[:8] == 'default ':
						loader.write(f'default {self.init_time}_{self.kernels[0]}\n')
					elif line[:8] == '#timeout' and 'timeout 5' not in loader_data:
						# We add in the default timeout to support dual-boot
						loader.write(f"{line[1:]}\n")
					else:
						loader.write(f"{line}\n")

			# Ensure that the /boot/loader/entries directory exists before we try to create files in it
			if not os.path.exists(f'{self.target}/boot/loader/entries'):
				os.makedirs(f'{self.target}/boot/loader/entries')

			for kernel in self.kernels:
				# Setup the loader entry
				with open(f'{self.target}/boot/loader/entries/{self.init_time}_{kernel}.conf', 'w') as entry:
					entry.write('# Created by: archinstall\n')
					entry.write(f'# Created on: {self.init_time}\n')
					entry.write(f'title Arch Linux ({kernel})\n')
					entry.write(f"linux /vmlinuz-{kernel}\n")
					if not is_vm():
						vendor = cpu_vendor()
						if vendor == "AuthenticAMD":
							entry.write("initrd /amd-ucode.img\n")
						elif vendor == "GenuineIntel":
							entry.write("initrd /intel-ucode.img\n")
						else:
							self.log("unknow cpu vendor, not adding ucode to systemd-boot config")
					entry.write(f"initrd /initramfs-{kernel}.img\n")
					# blkid doesn't trigger on loopback devices really well,
					# so we'll use the old manual method until we get that sorted out.
					if root_fs_type is not None:
						options_entry = f'rw intel_pstate=no_hwp rootfstype={root_fs_type} {" ".join(self.KERNEL_PARAMS)}\n'
					else:
						options_entry = f'rw intel_pstate=no_hwp {" ".join(self.KERNEL_PARAMS)}\n'
					base_path,bind_path = split_bind_name(str(root_partition.path))
					if bind_path is not None: # and root_fs_type == 'btrfs':
						options_entry = f"rootflags=subvol={bind_path} " + options_entry

					if real_device := self.detect_encryption(root_partition):
						# TODO: We need to detect if the encrypted device is a whole disk encryption,
						#       or simply a partition encryption. Right now we assume it's a partition (and we always have)
						log(f"Identifying root partition by PART-UUID on {real_device}: '{real_device.uuid}'.", level=logging.DEBUG)
						entry.write(f'options cryptdevice=PARTUUID={real_device.uuid}:luksdev root=/dev/mapper/luksdev {options_entry}')
					else:
						log(f"Identifying root partition by PART-UUID on {root_partition}, looking for '{root_partition.uuid}'.", level=logging.DEBUG)
						entry.write(f'options root=PARTUUID={root_partition.uuid} {options_entry}')

					self.helper_flags['bootloader'] = bootloader

		elif bootloader == "grub-install":
			self.pacstrap('grub')  # no need?

			if real_device := self.detect_encryption(root_partition):
				root_uuid = SysCommand(f"blkid -s UUID -o value {real_device.path}").decode().rstrip()
				_file = "/etc/default/grub"
				add_to_CMDLINE_LINUX = f"sed -i 's/GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=\"\"/GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=\"cryptdevice=UUID={root_uuid}:cryptlvm rootfstype={root_fs_type}\"/'"
				enable_CRYPTODISK = "sed -i 's/#GRUB_ENABLE_CRYPTODISK=y/GRUB_ENABLE_CRYPTODISK=y/'"

				log(f"Using UUID {root_uuid} of {real_device} as encrypted root identifier.", level=logging.INFO)
				SysCommand(f"/usr/bin/arch-chroot {self.target} {add_to_CMDLINE_LINUX} {_file}")
				SysCommand(f"/usr/bin/arch-chroot {self.target} {enable_CRYPTODISK} {_file}")
			else:
				_file = "/etc/default/grub"
				add_to_CMDLINE_LINUX = f"sed -i 's/GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=\"\"/GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=\"rootfstype={root_fs_type}\"/'"
				SysCommand(f"/usr/bin/arch-chroot {self.target} {add_to_CMDLINE_LINUX} {_file}")

			log(f"GRUB uses {boot_partition.path} as the boot partition.", level=logging.INFO)
			if has_uefi():
				self.pacstrap('efibootmgr') # TODO: Do we need? Yes, but remove from minimal_installation() instead?
				if not (handle := SysCommand(f'/usr/bin/arch-chroot {self.target} grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot --bootloader-id=GRUB')).exit_code == 0:
					raise DiskError(f"Could not install GRUB to {self.target}/boot: {handle}")
			else:
				if not (handle := SysCommand(f'/usr/bin/arch-chroot {self.target} grub-install --target=i386-pc --recheck {boot_partition.parent}')).exit_code == 0:
					raise DiskError(f"Could not install GRUB to {boot_partition.path}: {handle}")

			if not (handle := SysCommand(f'/usr/bin/arch-chroot {self.target} grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg')).exit_code == 0:
				raise DiskError(f"Could not configure GRUB: {handle}")

			self.helper_flags['bootloader'] = True
		elif bootloader == 'efistub':
			self.pacstrap('efibootmgr')

			if not has_uefi():
				raise HardwareIncompatibilityError
			# TODO: Ideally we would want to check if another config
			# points towards the same disk and/or partition.
			# And in which case we should do some clean up.

			for kernel in self.kernels:
				# Setup the firmware entry

				label = f'Arch Linux ({kernel})'
				loader = f"/vmlinuz-{kernel}"

				kernel_parameters = []

				if not is_vm():
					vendor = cpu_vendor()
					if vendor == "AuthenticAMD":
						kernel_parameters.append("initrd=\\amd-ucode.img")
					elif vendor == "GenuineIntel":
						kernel_parameters.append("initrd=\\intel-ucode.img")
					else:
						self.log("unknow cpu vendor, not adding ucode to firmware boot entry")

				kernel_parameters.append(f"initrd=\\initramfs-{kernel}.img")

				# blkid doesn't trigger on loopback devices really well,
				# so we'll use the old manual method until we get that sorted out.
				if real_device := self.detect_encryption(root_partition):
					# TODO: We need to detect if the encrypted device is a whole disk encryption,
					#       or simply a partition encryption. Right now we assume it's a partition (and we always have)
					log(f"Identifying root partition by PART-UUID on {real_device}: '{real_device.uuid}'.", level=logging.DEBUG)
					kernel_parameters.append(f'cryptdevice=PARTUUID={real_device.uuid}:luksdev root=/dev/mapper/luksdev rw intel_pstate=no_hwp rootfstype={root_fs_type} {" ".join(self.KERNEL_PARAMS)}')
				else:
					log(f"Identifying root partition by PART-UUID on {root_partition}, looking for '{root_partition.uuid}'.", level=logging.DEBUG)
					kernel_parameters.append(f'root=PARTUUID={root_partition.uuid} rw intel_pstate=no_hwp rootfstype={root_fs_type} {" ".join(self.KERNEL_PARAMS)}')

				SysCommand(f'efibootmgr --disk {boot_partition.path[:-1]} --part {boot_partition.path[-1]} --create --label "{label}" --loader {loader} --unicode \'{" ".join(kernel_parameters)}\' --verbose')

			self.helper_flags['bootloader'] = bootloader
		else:
			raise RequirementError(f"Unknown (or not yet implemented) bootloader requested: {bootloader}")

		return True

	def add_additional_packages(self, *packages :str) -> bool:
		return self.pacstrap(*packages)

	def install_profile(self, profile :str) -> ModuleType:
		"""
		Installs a archinstall profile script (.py file).
		This profile can be either local, remote or part of the library.

		:param profile: Can be a local path or a remote path (URL)
		:return: Returns the imported script as a module, this way
			you can access any remaining functions exposed by the profile.
		:rtype: module
		"""
		storage['installation_session'] = self

		if type(profile) == str:
			profile = Profile(self, profile)

		self.log(f'Installing network profile {profile}', level=logging.INFO)
		return profile.install()

	def enable_sudo(self, entity: str, group :bool = False) -> bool:
		self.log(f'Enabling sudo permissions for {entity}.', level=logging.INFO)
		with open(f'{self.target}/etc/sudoers', 'a') as sudoers:
			sudoers.write(f'{"%" if group else ""}{entity} ALL=(ALL) ALL\n')
		return True

	def user_create(self, user :str, password :Optional[str] = None, groups :Optional[str] = None, sudo :bool = False) -> None:
		if groups is None:
			groups = []

		# This plugin hook allows for the plugin to handle the creation of the user.
		# Password and Group management is still handled by user_create()
		handled_by_plugin = False
		for plugin in plugins.values():
			if hasattr(plugin, 'on_user_create'):
				if result := plugin.on_user_create(self, user):
					handled_by_plugin = result

		if not handled_by_plugin:
			self.log(f'Creating user {user}', level=logging.INFO)
			if not (output := SysCommand(f'/usr/bin/arch-chroot {self.target} useradd -m -G wheel {user}')).exit_code == 0:
				raise SystemError(f"Could not create user inside installation: {output}")

		for plugin in plugins.values():
			if hasattr(plugin, 'on_user_created'):
				if result := plugin.on_user_created(self, user):
					handled_by_plugin = result

		if password:
			self.user_set_pw(user, password)

		if groups:
			for group in groups:
				SysCommand(f'/usr/bin/arch-chroot {self.target} gpasswd -a {user} {group}')

		if sudo and self.enable_sudo(user):
			self.helper_flags['user'] = True

	def user_set_pw(self, user :str, password :str) -> bool:
		self.log(f'Setting password for {user}', level=logging.INFO)

		if user == 'root':
			# This means the root account isn't locked/disabled with * in /etc/passwd
			self.helper_flags['user'] = True

		return SysCommand(f"/usr/bin/arch-chroot {self.target} sh -c \"echo '{user}:{password}' | chpasswd\"").exit_code == 0

	def user_set_shell(self, user :str, shell :str) -> bool:
		self.log(f'Setting shell for {user} to {shell}', level=logging.INFO)

		return SysCommand(f"/usr/bin/arch-chroot {self.target} sh -c \"chsh -s {shell} {user}\"").exit_code == 0

	def chown(self, owner :str, path :str, options :List[str] = []) -> bool:
		return SysCommand(f"/usr/bin/arch-chroot {self.target} sh -c 'chown {' '.join(options)} {owner} {path}").exit_code == 0

	def create_file(self, filename :str, owner :Optional[str] = None) -> InstallationFile:
		return InstallationFile(self, filename, owner)

	def set_keyboard_language(self, language: str) -> bool:
		log(f"Setting keyboard language to {language}", level=logging.INFO)
		if len(language.strip()):
			if not verify_keyboard_layout(language):
				self.log(f"Invalid keyboard language specified: {language}", fg="red", level=logging.ERROR)
				return False

			# In accordance with https://github.com/archlinux/archinstall/issues/107#issuecomment-841701968
			# Setting an empty keymap first, allows the subsequent call to set layout for both console and x11.
			from .systemd import Boot
			with Boot(self) as session:
				session.SysCommand(["localectl", "set-keymap", '""'])

				if (output := session.SysCommand(["localectl", "set-keymap", language])).exit_code != 0:
					raise ServiceException(f"Unable to set locale '{language}' for console: {output}")

				self.log(f"Keyboard language for this installation is now set to: {language}")
		else:
			self.log('Keyboard language was not changed from default (no language specified).', fg="yellow", level=logging.INFO)

		return True

	def set_x11_keyboard_language(self, language: str) -> bool:
		log(f"Setting x11 keyboard language to {language}", level=logging.INFO)
		"""
		A fallback function to set x11 layout specifically and separately from console layout.
		This isn't strictly necessary since .set_keyboard_language() does this as well.
		"""
		if len(language.strip()):
			if not verify_x11_keyboard_layout(language):
				self.log(f"Invalid x11-keyboard language specified: {language}", fg="red", level=logging.ERROR)
				return False

			from .systemd import Boot
			with Boot(self) as session:
				session.SysCommand(["localectl", "set-x11-keymap", '""'])

				if (output := session.SysCommand(["localectl", "set-x11-keymap", language])).exit_code != 0:
					raise ServiceException(f"Unable to set locale '{language}' for X11: {output}")
		else:
			self.log(f'X11-Keyboard language was not changed from default (no language specified).', fg="yellow", level=logging.INFO)

		return True